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	<title>Science topics - BIG-TOPICS.COM</title>
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		<title>History Of Knowledge Representation</title>
		<link>https://big-topics.com/2009/01/history-of-knowledge-representation/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Donald Gonzalez]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Jan 2009 09:46:15 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Science topics]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.major-developments.net/bbs2207/?p=69</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>In computer science, specially staged intelligence, a number of representations have been devised to structure information. Knowledge Representation (KR) is most commonly used to refer to representations intended for processing by modern computers, and in particular, for representations consisting of explicit objects and of assertions or claims about them. Representing knowledge in much explicit form [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://big-topics.com/2009/01/history-of-knowledge-representation/">History Of Knowledge Representation</a> first appeared on <a href="https://big-topics.com">BIG-TOPICS.COM</a>.</p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;">In computer science, specially staged intelligence, a number of representations have been devised to structure information. Knowledge Representation (KR) is most commonly used to refer to representations intended for processing by modern computers, and in particular, for representations consisting of explicit objects and of assertions or claims about them. Representing knowledge in much explicit form enables computers to draw conclusions from knowledge already stored. Many KR methods were tried in the 1970s and early 1980s, much as heuristic question-answering, neural networks, theorem proving, and expert systems, with varying success. Medical diagnosis was a major covering area, as were games much as chess.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In the 1980s conventional computer knowledge representation languages and systems arose. Major projects attempted to encode wide bodies of general knowledge; for example the &#8220;Cyc&#8221; project went through a large encyclopedia, coding not the aggregation itself, but the aggregation a reader would need in order to understand the encyclopedia: naive physics; notions of time, causality, motivation; commonplace objects and classes of objects. The Cyc project is managed by Cycorp, Inc.; much but not all of the data is now freely available. Through much work, the difficulty of KR came to be better appreciated. In computational linguistics, meanwhile, much larger databases of language aggregation were existence built, and these, along with enthusiastic increases in computer speed and capacity, made deeper KR more feasible.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Several programming languages have been developed that are oriented to KR. Prolog developed in 1972 but popularized much later, represents propositions and basic logic, and can derive conclusions from known premises. KL-ONE (1980s) is more particularly aimed at knowledge representation itself. In the electronic document world, languages were being developed to symbolize the structure of documents more openly, such as SGML and later XML. These facilitated information retrieval and data mining efforts, which have in recent years begun to relate to KR. The Web community is now particularly interested in the Semantic Web, in which XML based KR languages such as RDF, Topic Maps, Gellish English and others can be used to make KR information available to Web systems.</p>
<p><span id="more-69"></span></p><p>The post <a href="https://big-topics.com/2009/01/history-of-knowledge-representation/">History Of Knowledge Representation</a> first appeared on <a href="https://big-topics.com">BIG-TOPICS.COM</a>.</p>]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
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		<title>More Demand for Electric Lighting Ahead</title>
		<link>https://big-topics.com/2008/12/more-demand-for-electric-lighting-ahead/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Jesus Dosreis]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 15 Dec 2008 09:53:26 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Society]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Science topics]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.major-developments.net/bbs2207/?p=85</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Benjamin Franklin did a great discovery of electricity. Thanks to the lightning and thanks to the Kite (Franklin used a Kite to discover electricity). I am sure that if Thomas Alva Edison (or Humphrey Davy) did not discover the electric bulb, Franklin’s great discovery would not be as popular. I am sure we can live [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://big-topics.com/2008/12/more-demand-for-electric-lighting-ahead/">More Demand for Electric Lighting Ahead</a> first appeared on <a href="https://big-topics.com">BIG-TOPICS.COM</a>.</p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;">Benjamin Franklin did a great discovery of electricity. Thanks to the lightning and thanks to the Kite (Franklin used a Kite to discover electricity). I am sure that if Thomas Alva Edison (or Humphrey Davy) did not discover the electric bulb, Franklin’s great discovery would not be as popular.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">I am sure we can live much comfortably without all those machines running on electricity except for the electric bulbs. That shows the importance of lighting in our life.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">According to a recent study, the demand for electric lighting all over the world is to increase by at least 7 percent a year. The growth may look small when considered in terms of percent. But the market is so big that even a billion dollar increase will seem to be a very small amount of increase through percentage.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">By 2012, the demand will worth $40 billion. So, is the number big now?</p>
<p><span id="more-85"></span></p><p>The post <a href="https://big-topics.com/2008/12/more-demand-for-electric-lighting-ahead/">More Demand for Electric Lighting Ahead</a> first appeared on <a href="https://big-topics.com">BIG-TOPICS.COM</a>.</p>]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
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		<title>The Drastic Hurricane Katrina</title>
		<link>https://big-topics.com/2008/08/the-drastic-hurricane-katrina/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Wilson Brian]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 28 Aug 2008 09:29:03 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Society]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Science topics]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.major-developments.net/bbs2207/?p=39</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>The Katrina hurricane was most expensive and that of the five hurricanes more the mortals in the history of the United States. It was the Atlantic hurricane sixth-extremely ever recorded and the hurricane third-extremely on the disc which made the unloading in the United States. Katrina formed August 23 during the season of hurricane of [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://big-topics.com/2008/08/the-drastic-hurricane-katrina/">The Drastic Hurricane Katrina</a> first appeared on <a href="https://big-topics.com">BIG-TOPICS.COM</a>.</p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;">The Katrina hurricane was most expensive and that of the five hurricanes more the mortals in the history of the United States. It was the Atlantic hurricane sixth-extremely ever recorded and the hurricane third-extremely on the disc which made the unloading in the United States. Katrina formed August 23 during the season of hurricane of 2005 Atlantic Ocean and caused devastation along a great part of the coast of the center-north of Gulf. The most serious loss of the material life and property occurred in New-Orleans, Louisiana, which flooded while the system of lifting failed in a catastrophic way, in much of case of the hours after to give it the attack moved interior. The hurricane caused the serious destruction through the whole coast of Mississippi and in Alabama, until 100 miles (160 kilometers) of the center to give the attack with Katrina was the eleventh tropical one give the attack to, the fifth hurricane, the third principal hurricane, and the second hurricane of category 5 of the season of 2005 Atlantic Ocean.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">It formed above the Bahamas August 23, 2005, and crossed southernmost Florida like moderate hurricane of category 1, causing deaths and flood there, before reinforcing quickly in the Gulf of Mexico and becoming the strongest hurricanes on the disc while at sea. To give the attack to weaken before making its second and the third unloading as category 3 give the attack to the morning August of 29 in Louisiana of southeast and to the border of state of Louisiana/Mississippi, respectively. The sudden rise to give the attack damaged serious along the coast of Gulf, devastating the cities of Mississippi de Waveland, the compartment St Louis, Christian of passage, Beach Length, Gulfport, Biloxi, springs of ocean, and Pascagoula. In Louisiana, the federal protection system of flood in New-Orleans failed in more than 50 places. Almost each lifting in the subway open New Orleans a breach as Katrina hurricane passed to the east of the city, later the flood 80% of the city and several sectors of the close parishes during weeks.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">At least 1.836 people lost their lives in the Katrina hurricane and the following floods, making him the mortal hurricane of the UNITED STATES since hurricane 1928 of Okeechobee. One estimates that to give it the attack to is responsible for $81.2 billion (2005 dollars of the UNITED STATES) in the damage, making him the most expensive normal disaster in the history of the UNITED STATES. The catastrophic failure of the protection of flood in New-Orleans encouraged the immediate examination of the army corps of the engineers since the agency has by the single responsibility for congressional mandate of the design and the construction of the protection of flood. It also critical had spread federal reaction there, of local state and governments with giving the attack to and having for result a research by the congress of the UNITED STATES and the resignation of federal director Michael D. Brown of agency of management of help. Reciprocally, the center of hurricane and the national Surviving nationals the service was largely recommended for precise forecasts and the abundant completion period.</p>
<p><span id="more-39"></span><br />
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<a href="https://big-topics.com/2009/09/america-slavery-and-abraham-lincoln/">America, Slavery and Abraham Lincoln</a><br />
<a href="https://big-topics.com/2010/04/improving-employment-rate/">Measures Taken By US Government To Improve Employment Rate</a><br />
<a href="https://big-topics.com/2010/04/haiti-earthquake-in-leogane/">Haiti Earthquake In Leogane</a><br />
<a href="https://big-topics.com/2010/03/animal-extinction/">False Beliefs Force Animals Towards Extinction</a><br />
<a href="https://big-topics.com/2010/03/spare-the-coyotes/">Coyotes Victim’s Mother Asks to Spare the Killer Animals</a><br />
<a href="https://big-topics.com/2008/09/world-economic-forum-and-operations/">World Economic Forum And Operations</a></p><p>The post <a href="https://big-topics.com/2008/08/the-drastic-hurricane-katrina/">The Drastic Hurricane Katrina</a> first appeared on <a href="https://big-topics.com">BIG-TOPICS.COM</a>.</p>]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
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		<title>Do You Know What Probiotics Are?</title>
		<link>https://big-topics.com/2008/06/do-you-know-what-probiotics-are/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Jesus Dosreis]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 16 Jun 2008 09:52:40 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Science topics]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.major-developments.net/bbs2207/?p=83</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Probiotics have recently entered into the markets and available as any common item. They are very beneficial supplements of diet mostly seen with beneficial bacteria like yeasts. Every human body contains a large amount of bacteria which nobody could ever think of. If they are dangerous, then they cause diseases. But most of the bacteria [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://big-topics.com/2008/06/do-you-know-what-probiotics-are/">Do You Know What Probiotics Are?</a> first appeared on <a href="https://big-topics.com">BIG-TOPICS.COM</a>.</p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;">Probiotics have recently entered into the markets and available as any common item. They are very beneficial supplements of diet mostly seen with beneficial bacteria like yeasts.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Every human body contains a large amount of bacteria which nobody could ever think of. If they are dangerous, then they cause diseases. But most of the bacteria present inside human body are friendly rather than harmful in nature. From this we have to learn that bacteria are not harmful always. In fact the major involuntary actions in our digestion system are because of involvement of friendly bacteria. They help our digestive system to break the complex food we take into simple material through which we get needed nutrients, proteins, vitamins, fats, and most importantly the energy.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Probiotics is concept of inducing these friendly microorganisms which help us in many ways like prevention of colon cancer, lowering cholesterol and blood pressure levels, improving immune function, reducing inflammation, preventing infections, etc. They even reduce risks of heart diseases.</p><p>The post <a href="https://big-topics.com/2008/06/do-you-know-what-probiotics-are/">Do You Know What Probiotics Are?</a> first appeared on <a href="https://big-topics.com">BIG-TOPICS.COM</a>.</p>]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
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		<title>The Future Of The Earth</title>
		<link>https://big-topics.com/2008/05/the-future-of-the-earth/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Wilson Brian]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 28 May 2008 09:26:19 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Science topics]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.major-developments.net/bbs2207/?p=33</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>The future of the earth is in our hands, and not only in our hands but in our hearts, our spirits, and in the capacities that each one of us must contribute to the vast network of the light and the conscience of which we form part. This network includes each alive heart and makes [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://big-topics.com/2008/05/the-future-of-the-earth/">The Future Of The Earth</a> first appeared on <a href="https://big-topics.com">BIG-TOPICS.COM</a>.</p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;">The future of the earth is in our hands, and not only in our hands but in our hearts, our spirits, and in the capacities that each one of us must contribute to the vast network of the light and the conscience of which we form part. This network includes each alive heart and makes it possible each one of us to make more than one contribution to all the life that our smaller art of the self-portrait would make us believe is possible. However, the truth is that each heart and each life make a difference in immense proportions with the results of what will be. For this reason, we must each one assume the responsibility for what we think and we feel and come to understand that it is only by purifying our emotions, thoughts, and bodies of energy that a new life for the earth can start and of new solutions are found with the problems of old man that attacked humanity and to continue to make thus.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The choice is with us and the possibilities are large. For in each heart there is a wish for peace and in each heart there is of distress to the pain of others as well as with our clean. However, our difficulty in the design of our own interconnectedness with others and our direction to be small rather than large can prevent the kind of alignment with the light which is necessary so much considerably today in order to bring the consciousness of humanity S to the next level of its expression.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Today, there is hope for the earth and for each soul who inhabits her sphere and it lies in this: that through the greater advent of light on earth we are becoming more aware of our inner relationship to each other and with our own souls, and out of this sense of interconnection shall grow an immediacy of love and of responsibility which no longer permits the divisions among groups and among nations that presently exists.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">This love will display itself not only in outer action, but in inner knowledge, and not only in the wish to do good, but in the wish to become a representative and embodiment of that which is ultimately good, namely, God. This then, is the call to all nations &#8211; it is a call for people everywhere to meet the challenge and the opportunity of this pivotal time in human history with a sense of hope and of vision. It is a call to meet God’s heart from a place within our own that seeks the expression of our soul and the presence of a lasting peace.</p><p>The post <a href="https://big-topics.com/2008/05/the-future-of-the-earth/">The Future Of The Earth</a> first appeared on <a href="https://big-topics.com">BIG-TOPICS.COM</a>.</p>]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
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		<title>Organic Farming Methods</title>
		<link>https://big-topics.com/2008/04/organic-farming-methods/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Wilson Brian]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 24 Apr 2008 09:24:58 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Science topics]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.major-developments.net/bbs2207/?p=30</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Crop diversity is a distinctive characteristic of organic farming. Organic farming method means combination of scientific knowledge and modern technology with traditional farming practices based on thousands of years of agriculture. Here the main motto is an avoidance of synthetic inputs, such as manufactured fertilizers and pesticides, and for this reason, organic methods are easiest [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://big-topics.com/2008/04/organic-farming-methods/">Organic Farming Methods</a> first appeared on <a href="https://big-topics.com">BIG-TOPICS.COM</a>.</p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;">Crop diversity is a distinctive characteristic of organic farming. Organic farming method means combination of scientific knowledge and modern technology with traditional farming practices based on thousands of years of agriculture. Here the main motto is an avoidance of synthetic inputs, such as manufactured fertilizers and pesticides, and for this reason, organic methods are easiest to illustrate by distinct them with conventional, agrichemical-based methods. In general, organic methods rely on naturally happening biological processes, which often take place over extensive periods of time, and a holistic approach, while chemical-based farming focuses on immediate, isolated effects and reductions strategies. In predictable systems, technology hybrid seed, synthetic chemicals, high volume irrigation, mechanization is used to regulate local conditions.<img decoding="async" class="alignright wp-image-3509 size-thumbnail" src="https://big-topics.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/LEDFS_LOGO_1-150x150.png" alt="LED grow lights" width="150" height="150" srcset="https://big-topics.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/LEDFS_LOGO_1-150x150.png 150w, https://big-topics.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/LEDFS_LOGO_1.png 154w" sizes="(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Beyond the strictly technical aspects, the philosophy, day-to-day activities and required skill sets are quite different. Conversational farming focuses on mass production of one crop in one location, a practice called monoculture. This makes apparent economic sense: the larger the growing area, the lower the unit cost of fertilizer, pesticides and specialized machinery for a single plant species. Then the science of agro ecology has revealed the benefits of polyculture (multiple crops in the same space), which is often employed in organic farming. Planting a diversity of vegetable crops supports a wider range of beneficial insects, soil microorganisms, and other factors that add up to overall farm health, but managing the balance requires expertise and close attention. Farming at this scale is usually labor intensive, involving more manual labor and less mechanization. The type of crop also determines size organic grain farms often involve much larger area. Larger organic farms tend to use methods and equipment similar to conventional farms, centered on the tractor.</p><p>The post <a href="https://big-topics.com/2008/04/organic-farming-methods/">Organic Farming Methods</a> first appeared on <a href="https://big-topics.com">BIG-TOPICS.COM</a>.</p>]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
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		<title>Know About the Chemiosmotic Theory</title>
		<link>https://big-topics.com/2008/03/know-about-the-chemiosmotic-theory/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Dale Harris]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 2008 09:23:50 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Science topics]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.major-developments.net/bbs2207/?p=28</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Peter D. Mitchell has proposed the hypothesis chemiosmotic in 1961. The chemiosmotic theory essentially suggests that most of ATP synthesis in cells respiring comes from the electrochemical gradient between the interior membranes of mitochondria using the energy of NADH and FADH2 formed by the degradation of energy-rich molecules such as glucose. Molecules such as glucose [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://big-topics.com/2008/03/know-about-the-chemiosmotic-theory/">Know About the Chemiosmotic Theory</a> first appeared on <a href="https://big-topics.com">BIG-TOPICS.COM</a>.</p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;">Peter D. Mitchell has proposed the hypothesis chemiosmotic in 1961. The chemiosmotic theory essentially suggests that most of ATP synthesis in cells respiring comes from the electrochemical gradient between the interior membranes of mitochondria using the energy of NADH and FADH2 formed by the degradation of energy-rich molecules such as glucose. Molecules such as glucose are metabolized to produce acetyl-CoA as an energy-rich intermediary.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The oxidation of acetyl-CoA in the mitochondrial matrix is associated with the reduction of a carrier molecule such as NAD and FAD. Carriers of electrons pass to the transport chain mail (ETC) in the mitochondrial inner membrane, which in turn transmit them to other proteins in the ETC. The available energy in the electrons is used to pump protons from the matrix in the mitochondrial inner membrane, the storage of energy in the form of an electrochemical gradient transmembrane. The return on the market of protons through the inner membrane by the enzyme ATP synthase. The flow of protons in the matrix of mitochondria by the ATP synthase provides enough energy to ADP to combine with inorganic phosphate to form ATP. The electrons and protons at the last pump in the ETC are supported by oxygen to form water.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">It is a radical proposal at the time, and has not been well accepted. The prevailing view is that the energy of electron transfer was stored in a high potential intermediaries stable, chemically a more conservative. The problem with the old paradigm is no intermediate high energy has never been found, and evidence for pumping protons by the complex chain of electron transfer grew too large for be ignored. Finally, the weight of evidence has begun to promote chemiosmotic hypothesis and, in 1978, Peter Mitchell received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Chemiosmotic coupling is important for the production of ATP in chloroplasts and many bacteria.</p><p>The post <a href="https://big-topics.com/2008/03/know-about-the-chemiosmotic-theory/">Know About the Chemiosmotic Theory</a> first appeared on <a href="https://big-topics.com">BIG-TOPICS.COM</a>.</p>]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
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